Chi-Square Test Homework Help, Tutoring
Chi-Square Test, Quantitative data, chi-square test for independence
of attributes Assignment Help, Tutor Help
Introduction
Statistics mostly deals with quantitative data that is data which is expressed
numerically. But we can also analyse qualitative data using statistics. In real
life situations, the data may not always be quantitative in nature, hence we need
a method to analyse qualitative data. Chi-square is one such method that can be
used to analyse qualitative data. To do this test we consider two attributes and
try to check if there are associated or not. The number of attributes may be more
also. This test is called "chi-square test for independence of attributes".
Definition
Consider two attributes A and B. let each attribute have only two outcome. Then the
respective frequencies can be represented in the form of a table as shown
| B/A | A1 | A2 | Total |
| B1 | a | b | a + c |
| B2 | c | d | c + d |
| total | a + c | b + d | N |
Here we want to test the hypothesis
H0: there is no association between the two attributes
H1: there is association between he two attributes
The test statistic here is
follows
distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom. Here since n=2, the degrees of
freedom is always 1. We use this information and the chi-square table values
to take the decision. Example:
Following is the data collected on two characters namely the cigarette smoking and literacy and the data is given as follows
| Literacy/Smoking | Smoker | Non-smoker | Total |
| literates | 40(a) | 50(b) | 90(a+b) |
| illiterates | 60(c) | 35(d) | 95(c+d) |
| total | 100(a+c) | 85(b+d) | 185(N) |
Here we want to test the hypothesis
H0 : cigarette smoking and literacy are not associated
H1: cigarette smoking and literacy are associated
Lets use the level of significance
Hence
=6.51Now to take the decision, we use the critical value. We can find this from excel, using the function CHISQ.INV.RT(0.05,1). The value we get is 3.8414.
Since the test statistic value is greater than the critical value, we reject H0 at 5% l evel of significance and conclude that there is association between cigarette smoking and literacy.
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